Python Tip: Coordinate Clean Up

If you create point features from coordinates stored in flat tables you probably find cases where the longitude and latitude are reversed or a negative sign is missing.  This happens frequently if the source of the data is from a non-GIS user.  What can make fixing these mistakes more difficult is if the errors are not consistent through out the table.  The following Python example will switch the longitude and latitude if necessary and add negative signs if missing.  Note: This code is only useful if all the points are with in the same hemisphere.  If the points are located across the globe, a solution to this problem is much more difficult.

First, import the modules and create the geoprocessor:

import sys, string, os, arcgisscripting

gp = arcgisscripting.create()

gp.OverWriteOutput = 1

Next, create an Update Cursor:

rows = gp.UpdateCursor(r"C:\Project\sample.gdb\table")
row = rows.Next()

Now you need to loop through each row in the table and get the longitude and latitude values.  Note that the XCOORDINATE and YCOORDINATE are the name of the field ins the table:

while row:

     xCoord = row.XCOORDINATE

     yCoord = row.YCOORDINATE

We will need to switch the longitude and latitude if they are reversed.  We do this by checking to see if the longitude is within a valid range.  In this all points should fall with 30 to 50 degrees West Longitude.  If they do not, we assume that they are switched and switch them:

      if xCoord > 30 and xCoord < 50:

          row.XCOORDINATE = yCoord

          row.YCOORDINATE = xCoord
          xCoord = yCoord

We use simpler logic to check for a missing negative sign.  In this case the longitude should be negative so we check.  If it is not, we make it negative:

     if xCoord > 50:

          xCoord = xCoord - (xCoord * 2)
          row.XCOORDINATE = xCoord

Now that the changes have been made if necessary we update the row and move to the next row:

     rows.UpdateRow(row)
     row = rows.Next()

Finally, delete the cursor:

del row
del rows

As you can see the values will change depending on the location of your points, but this general logic should solve most of your problems.  And like all examples, there are several ways to do most of these steps.

Python Tip: Using ArcSDESQLExecute to access ArcSDE data faster

In a previous post titled “Using Python to access ArcSDE data faster with cx_Oracle” I described a Python module that allowed faster access to ArcSDE data stored in an Oracle database.  Another method exists that will allow you to access ArcSDE data with pure SQL queries using the ArcScripting geoprocessing libraries.  We can accomplish this by creating the ArcSDESQLExecute object.

To help demonstrate the capabilities of this function, we will create an example that queries the ArcSDE database and then uses some Python functionality to generate a CSV file from the results.  Start by importimg the necessary libraries and creating a geoprocessor object:

import arcgisscripting, os

gp = arcgisscripting.create(9.3)

Next create the ArcSDESQLExecute object.  The second parameter is the path to the SDE connection file:

sdeConn = gp.CreateObject("ARCSDESQLEXECUTE", "Database Connections\\GIS.sde")

Now let’s create an SQL statement and execute it.  Note:  This function will execute any valid SQL statement that you have permission to perform, including Updates and Deletes.  This is an excellent way of performing fast attribution changes.  However, use caution when modifying data:

sql = "SELECT OBJECTID, ROADNAME FROM ROADSEGMENT"

sdeReturn = sdeConn.Execute(sql)

The next section of code will generate a CSV file so that the output can easily be opened in Excel or Access.  You can modify it to any type of TXT file you wish.

file = open("output.csv", 'w')

for row in sdeReturn:

    line = ""

    for i in row:

        line += str(i) + ","

    file.write(line + "\n")

Finally, close the file and delete the ArcSDESQLExecute object:

file.close()

del sdeReturn

You will see that this function performs SQL queries much faster than the other geoprocessing tools because it uses the RDBMS to execute them.  ArcSDESQLExecute can even rollback transactions.  For more information see the ESRI documentation.

Using ArcObjects for coordinate transformations in Python

Some of you may find yourselves in situations where you may need to develop in Python but are limited by the existing geoprocessing methods available.  Luckily, there is a method of accessing the ArcObject COM libraries through Python.  The comtypes package allows you use all of the methods available to .NET developers.  The presentation Using ArcObjects in Python gives an excellent overview of how to accomplish this.

I’m going to walk you through a specific example using comtypes.  In this example, we will perform a coordinate conversion on a point from a Geographic Coordinate System to a Projected Coordinate System.  To get started, download and install comtypes.  Once this is complete it’s time to start coding.  We’ll start off by defining four functions.  These will make more sense later.  First get the COM library path:

def GetLibPath():

   import _winreg

   keyESRI = 
      _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,

                        "SOFTWARE\\ESRI\\ArcGIS")

   return _winreg.QueryValueEx(keyESRI,  
          "InstallDir")[0] + "com\\"

Next we need to create a procedure to get the ArcObjects module:

def GetModule(sModuleName):

   import comtypes

   import comtypes.client as comc

   sLibPath = GetLibPath()

   comc.GetModule(sLibPath + sModuleName)

Create a function that creates a new object:

def NewObj(MyClass, MyInterface):

   import comtypes

   try:

        ptr = comtypes.client.CreateObject(MyClass,
               interface=MyInterface)

        return ptr

   except:

        return None

Finally, create a function for casting objects:

def CType(obj, interface):

   try:

        newobj = obj.QueryInterface(interface)

        return newobj

   except:

        return None

Now we need to define the main function to perform the coordinate transformation:

def TransformCoords(x, y, gcs, pcs, trans, direction):

The x and y are the longitude and latitude of the point in decimal degrees.  In order to perform transformation you will need to look up some ESRI codes.  The list of geographic coordinate system codes are here: Page 1, Page 2, Page 3.  The projected coordinate systems are here: Page 1, Page 2, Page 3, Page 4.  And the transformations are here: Page 1, Page 2, Page 3.   Lastly, you’ll need the direction codes here.

For those familiar with writing ArcObjects in C# I will include the C# equivalent with each piece of code.  Now we need to get the Geometry module and import it:

   GetModule("esriGeometry.olb") 

   import comtypes.gen.esriGeometry as esriGeometry

C#:

using ESRI.ArcGIS.Geometry;

Next we create a new point object and assign the x and y values:

   point = NewObj(esriGeometry.Point,
          esriGeometry.IPoint)

   point.X = x

   point.Y = y

C#:

Point point = new Point();

point.X = x;

point.Y = y;

It’s time to start using the codes we looked up.  Let’s define the spatial reference for the geographic coordinate system:

   sRefEnv = 

       NewObj(esriGeometry.SpatialReferenceEnvironment,

          esriGeometry.ISpatialReferenceFactory)

   incomingCoordSystem =

   CType(sRefEnv.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem(gcs),

      esriGeometry.ISpatialReference)
   point.SpatialReference = incomingCoordSystem

C#:
SpatialReferenceEnvironment sRefEnv = new  
   SpatialReferenceEnvironment();

ISpatialReference incomingCoordSystem = 

   sRefEnv.CreateGeographicCoordinateSystem(gcs);

point.SpatialReference = incomingCoordSystem;

Define the projected coordinate system:

   outgoingCoordSystem = 

   CType(sRefEnv.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem(pcs), 

      esriGeometry.ISpatialReference)

C#:

ISpatialReference outgoingCoordSystem = 
sRefEnv.CreateProjectedCoordinateSystem(pcs);

Define the geographic transformation:

   geoTransformation = 

      CType(sRefEnv.CreateGeoTransformation(trans), 

         esriGeometry.IGeoTransformation)

C#:

IGeoTransformation geoTransformation = 
(IGeoTransformation)sRefEnv.CreateGeoTransformation(trans);

Re-project the coordinates and assign the new geometry to the point:

   geometry = CType(point, esriGeometry.IGeometry2)

   geometry.ProjectEx(outgoingCoordSystem, 
          direction,geoTransformation, False, 0, 0)

   point = CType(geometry, esriGeometry.IPoint)

       

C#:

IGeometry2 geometry = point as IGeometry2;

geometry.ProjectEx(outgoingCoordSystem, esriTransformDirection.esriTransformForward, geoTransformation, 
   false, 0, 0);

point = (Point)geometry;

Finally, assign the coordinates to an array and return them:

   points = [point.X, point.Y]

       

   return points

In the end you have an array of the transformed x and y of the original point.  Another method exists that can also be helpful called ctypes.  With ctypes, you can access C libraries much like comtypes.  An excellent example of transformation using ctypes can be found here.

Using Python to access ArcSDE data faster with cx_Oracle

Using Python and ArcObjects to access data can be painfully slow, especially with large amounts of data.  However, there is another method for accessing data from Oracle that will allow your scripts to run faster.  The Python extension module, cx_Oracle, allows you to access an Oracle database without using ArcObjects.  Using cx_Orcale you can quickly query and modify attributes for tables and feature classes in ArcSDE.

NOTE:  Do NOT attempt to modify (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc) a table or feature class that is registered as versioned.  The results are unpredictable at best and can result in data loss.  However, you can safely SELECT any table or feature class.

To start you’ll need to download the cx_Oracle module here.  Once you have it installed and are ready to write some code, begin by importing the cx_Oracle module:

import cx_Oracle

Next we need to connect to the Oracle database.  There are several ways to do this.  For a complete reference, see the cx_Oracle documentation.  In this example we first create a DSN:

dsn = cx_Oracle.makedsn("gisdb01.devfaction.com", 

      "1521", "gisdb")

In this example, gisdb01.devfaction.com is the host, 1521 is the port, and gisdb is the name of the database.  Once the DSN is created, we connect to the database using the DSN:

orcl = cx_Oracle.connect('', '', dsn)

Now that we are connected to the database, we need to create a cursor:

cursor = orcl.cursor()

The next step is to create a SQL statement to execute.  This statement can be any SQL syntax that Oracle supports.  We will start off with a simple SELECT statement:

sql = "SELECT id, name FROM DB.ROADS WHERE id < 10"

This statement will return two fields from the ROADS table where the ID is less than 10.  Now it’s time to execute the statement:

cursor.execute(sql)

Now that we have run a query, we need to use the data that was returned.  To this we can loop through each row in the cursor:

for row in cursor:

     print row[0] + ", " + row[1]

The results should look something like this:

1, Walnut

2, Oak

3, Spruce

When you are finished remember to delete the cursor and close your connection:

del cursor

orcl.close()

You can also delete and modify data using cx_Oracle.  It may be possible to INSERT new records but it is not recommended for ArcSDE objects.  Follow the same steps to create the connection and cursor then create a SQL statement and execute it.:

sql = "UPDATE DB.ROADS SET name = '1st' " +\

      "WHERE id = 3"

cursor.execute(sql)

You will need to commit your changes before closing the connection:

orcl.commit()

In addition to creating scripts that run faster, cx_Oracle can help users who are more familiar with writing SQL than using ArcObjects.  But I want to reiterate one more time that modifications should not be performed on feature classes or tables that are registered as versioned.

cx_Oracle consists of many more useful functions.  I encourage you to read through the documentation and see what else exists.